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Publicaciones destacadas
. Concurrent Assessment of Phthalates/HEXAMOLL (R) DINCH Exposure and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Performance in Three European Cohorts of the HBM4EU Aligned Studies
Rosolen V, Giordani E, Mariuz M, Parpinel M, Ronfani L, Vecchi Brumatti L, Bin M, Calamandrei G, Mustieles V, Gilles L, Govarts E, Baken K, Rodriguez Martin L, Schoeters G, Sepai O, Sovcikova E, Fabelova L, Šidlovská M, Kolena B, Kold Jensen T, Frederiksen H, Kolossa-Gehring M, Lange R, Apel P, Castano A, Esteban López M, Jacobs G, Voorspoels S, Jurdáková H, Górová R, Barbone F. Concurrent Assessment of Phthalates/HEXAMOLL (R) DINCH Exposure and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Performance in Three European Cohorts of the HBM4EU Aligned Studies. Toxics 10: 538. 2022.
DOIGlyphosate and AMPA in Human Urine of HBM4EU-Aligned Studies: Part B Adults
Buekers J, Remy S, Bessems J, Govarts E, Rambaud L, Riou M, Halldorsson TI, Ólafsdóttir K, Probst-Hensch N, Ammann P, Weber T, Kolossa-Gehring M, Esteban-López M, Castaño A, Raun Andersen H, Schoeters G. Glyphosate and AMPA in Human Urine of HBM4EU-Aligned Studies: Part B Adults. Toxics 10: 552. 2022.
DOIGlyphosate and AMPA in Human Urine of HBM4EU-Aligned Studies: Part A Children
Buekers J, Remy S, Bessems J, Govarts E, Rambaud L, Riou M, Snoj Tratnik J, Stajnko A, Katsonouri A, Makris KC, De Decker A, Morrens B, Vogel N, Kolossa-Gehring M, Esteban-López M, Castaño A, Raun Andersen H, Schoeters G. Glyphosate and AMPA in Human Urine of HBM4EU-Aligned Studies: Part A Children. Toxics. 10: 470. 2022.
DOIA Tiered Approach for Assessing Individual and Combined Risk of Pyrethroids Using Human Biomonitoring Data
Tarazona JV, Cattaneo I, Niemann L, Pedraza-Diaz S, González-Caballero MC, de Alba-Gonzalez M, Cañas A, Dominguez-Morueco N, Esteban-López M, Castaño A, Borges T, Katsonouri A, Makris KC, Ottenbros I, Mol H, De Decker A, Morrens B, Berman T, Barnett-Itzhaki Z, Probst-Hensch N, Fuhrimann S, Tratnik JS, Horvat M, Rambaud L, Riou M, Schoeters G, Govarts E, Kolossa-Gehring M, Weber T, Apel P, Namorado S, Santonen T. A Tiered Approach for Assessing Individual and Combined Risk of Pyrethroids Using Human Biomonitoring Data. Toxics. 10, 451. 2022.
DOIFrom science to policy: How European HBM indicators help to answer policy questions related to phthalates and DINCH exposure
Gerofke A, David M, Schmidt P, Lobo Vicente J, Buekers J, Gilles L, Colles A, Bessems J, Bastiaensen M, Covaci A, Den Hond E, Koppen G, Laeremans M, Verheyen VJ, Černá M, Klánová J, Krsková A, Zvonař M, Knudsen LE, Koch HM, Rambaud L, Riou M, Vogel N, Gabriel C, Karakitsios S, Papaioannou N, Sarigiannis D, Kakucs R, Középesy S, Rudnai P, Szigeti T, Barbone F, Rosolen V, Guignard C, Gutleb AC, Sakhi AK, Haug LS, Janasik B, Ligocka D, Estokova M, Fabelova L, Kolena B, Palkovicova Murinova L, Petrovicova I, Richterova D, Horvat M, Mazej D, Snoj Tratnik J, Runkel AA, Castaño A, Esteban-López M, Pedraza-Díaz S, Åkesson A, Lignell S, Vlaanderen J, Zock JP, Schoeters G, Kolossa-Gehring M. From science to policy: How European HBM indicators help to answer policy questions related to phthalates and DINCH exposure. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 247: 114073. 2022.
DOICumulative risk assessment of five phthalates in European children and adolescents
Lange R, Vogel N, Schmidt P, Gerofke A, Luijten M, Bil W, Santonen T, Schoeters G, Gilles L, Sakhi AK, Haug LS, Jensen TK, Frederiksen H, Koch HM, Szigeti T, Szabados M, Snoj Tratnik J, Mazej D, Gabriel C, Sarigiannis D, Dzhedzheia V, Karakitsios S, Rambaud L, Riou M, Koppen G, Covaci A, Zvona M, Piler P, Klanova J, Fabelova L, Richterova D, Kosjek T, Runkel A, Pedraza-Díaz S, Verheyen V, Bastiaensen M, Esteban-López M, Castaño A, Kolossa-Gehring M. Cumulative risk assessment of five phthalates in European children and adolescents. Environ J Hyg Environ Health 246: 114052. 2022.
DOIPersonal care product use and lifestyle affect phthalate and DINCH metabolite levels in teenagers and young adults
Fišerová PS, Melymuk L, Komprdová K, Domínguez-Romero E, Scheringer M, Kohoutek J, Přibylová P, Andrýsková L, Piler P, Koch HM, Zvonař M, Esteban-López M, Castaño A, Klánová J. Personal care product use and lifestyle affect phthalate and DINCH metabolite levels in teenagers and young adults. Environ Res. 213:113675. 2022.
DOIImproving the Risk Assessment of Pesticides through the Integration of Human Biomonitoring and Food Monitoring Data: A Case Study for Chlorpyrifos
Tarazona JV, González-Caballero MC, de Alba-Gonzalez M, Pedraza-Diaz S, Cañas A, Dominguez-Morueco N, Esteban-López M, Cattaneo I, Katsonouri A, Makris KC, Halldorsson TI, Olafsdottir K, Zock JP, Dias J, De Decker A, Morrens B, Berman T, Barnett-Itzhaki Z, Lindh C, Gilles L, Govarts E, Schoeters G, Weber T, Kolossa-Gehring M, Santonen T, Castaño A. Improving the Risk Assessment of Pesticides through the Integration of Human Biomonitoring and Food Monitoring Data: A Case Study for Chlorpyrifos. Toxics. 10:313. 2022.
DOIHarmonization of human biomonitoring studies in Europe: characteristics of the HBM4EU aligned studies participants
Gilles L, Govarts E, Rodriguez Martin L, Andersson AM, Appenzeller BMR, Barbone F, Castaño A, Coertjens D, Den Hond E, Dzhedzheia V, Eržen I, Esteban López M, et al. Harmonization of human biomonitoring studies in Europe: characteristics of the HBM4EU aligned studies participants. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 19:6787. 2022.
DOIMethylmercury Risk Assessment Based on European Human Biomonitoring Data
Domínguez-Morueco N, Pedraza-Díaz S, González-Caballero MC, Esteban-López M, Alba-González M, Katsonouri A, Santonen T, Cañas-Portilla A, Castaño A. Methylmercury Risk Assessment Based on European Human Biomonitoring Data. Toxics. 10: 427. 2022.
DOISocio-Demographic Health Determinants Are Associated with Poor Prognosis in Spanish Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19
Martín-Sánchez J, Valls Carbó A, Miró O, Llorens P, Jiménez S, Piñera P, Burillo-Putze G, Martín A, García-Lamberechts JE, Jacob J, Alquézar A, Martínez-Valero C, Miranda J de D, López Picado A, Arrebola JP, Esteban López M, Parviainen A, González del Castillo J, on behalf of the Spanish Social-Environmental COVID-19. Socio-Demographic Health Determinants Are Associated with Poor Prognosis in Spanish Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19. J Gen Intern Med. 2021.
DOIBiomarkers, matrices and analytical methods targeting human exposure to chemicals selected for a European human biomonitoring initiative
Vorkamp K, Castaño A, Antignac JP, Boada LD, Cequier E, Covaci A, Esteban López M, Haug LS, Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Koch HM, Pérez Luzardo O, Osite A, Rambaud L, Pinorini MT, Sabbioni G, Thomsen C. Biomarkers, matrices and analytical methods targeting human exposure to chemicals selected for a European human biomonitoring initiative. Environ Int 146. 2020.
DOICase study: Possible differences in phthalates exposure among the Czech, Hungarian, and Slovak populations identified based on the DEMOCOPHES pilot study results
Černá M, Malý M, Rudnai P, Középesy S, Náray M, Halzlová K, Jajcaj M, Grafnetterová A, Krsková A, Antošová D, Forysová K, Hond ED, Schoeters G, Joas R, Casteleyn L, Joas A, Biot P, Aerts D, Angerer J, Bloemen L, Castaño A, Esteban M, Koch HM, Kolossa-Gehring M, Gutleb AC, Pavloušková J, Vrbík K. Case study: Possible differences in phthalates exposure among the Czech, Hungarian, and Slovak populations identified based on the DEMOCOPHES pilot study results. Environ Res. 141:118-124. 2015.
DOIMercury exposure in Ireland: Results of the DEMOCOPHES human biomonitoring study
Cullen E, Evans D, Davidson F, Burke P, Flanagan A, Griffin C, Kellegher A, Mannion R, Mulcahy M, Ryan M, Biot P, Casteleyn L, Castaño A, Angerer J, Koch HM, Esteban M, Schindler BK, Navarro C, Kolossa-Gehring M, Fiddicke U, Schoeters G, Den Hond E, Sepai O, Exley O, Bloemen L, Knudsen LE, Joas R, Joas A, Aerts D. Mercury exposure in Ireland: Results of the DEMOCOPHES human biomonitoring study. Int J Environ ResPublic Health. 11: 9760-9775. 2014.
DOI. Blood lead levels in a representative sample of the Spanish adult population: The BIOAMBIENT.ES project
Cañas AI, Cervantes-Amat M, Esteban M, Ruiz-Moraga M, Pérez-Gómez B, Mayor J, Castaño A, BIOAMBIENT.ES. Blood lead levels in a representative sample of the Spanish adult population: The BIOAMBIENT.ES project. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 217:452-459. 2014.
DOIHair mercury and urinary cadmium levels in Belgian children and their mothers within the framework of the COPHES/DEMOCOPHES projects
Pirard C, Koppen G, De Cremer K, Van Overmeire I, Govarts E, Dewolf MC, Van De Mieroop E, Aerts D, Biot P, Casteleyn L, Kolossa-Gehring M, Schwedler G, Angerer J, Koch HM, Schindler BK, Castaño A, Esteban M, Schoeters G, Den Hond E, Sepai O, Exley K, Horvat M, Bloemen L, Knudsen LE, Joas R, Joas A, Van Loco J, Charlier C. Hair mercury and urinary cadmium levels in Belgian children and their mothers within the framework of the COPHES/DEMOCOPHES projects. Sci Total Environ. 472:730-740. 2014.
DOIBIOAMBIENT.ES study protocol: rationale and design of a cross-sectional human biomonitoring survey in Spain
Pérez- Gómez B, Pastor-Barriuso R, Cervantes-Amat M, Esteban M, Ruíz-Moraga M, Aragonés N, Pollán M, Navarro C, Calvo E, Román J, López-Abente G, Castaño A on behalf of BIOAMBIENT.ES. BIOAMBIENT.ES study protocol: rationale and design of a cross-sectional human biomonitoring survey in Spain. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 20: 1193-1202. 2013.
DOIMercury, lead and cadmium levels in the urine of 170 Spanish adults: A pilot human biomonitoring study
Castaño A, Sánchez-Rodríguez J E, Cañas A, Esteban M, Navarro C, Rodríguez-García AC, Arribas M, Díaz G, Jiménez-Guerrero JA. Mercury, lead and cadmium levels in the urine of 170 Spanish adults: A pilot human biomonitoring study. Int J Hyg Environ Health.215: 191-195. 2012.
DOISelecting the best non-invasive matrix to measure mercury exposure in human biomonitoring surveys
Esteban López M, Arrebola JP, Juliá M, Pärt P, Soto E, Cañas A, Pedraza-Díaz S, González-Rubio J, Castaño A. Selecting the best non-invasive matrix to measure mercury exposure in human biomonitoring surveys. Environ Res. 204: 112394. 2021.
DOIA Phased Approach for preparation and organization of human biomonitoring studies
Fiddicke U, Pack IK, Tolonene H, Sepai O, Esteban López M, Castaño A, Schoeters G, Kolossa-Gehring M. A Phased Approach for preparation and organization of human biomonitoring studies. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 232: 113684. 2021.
DOIThe European human biomonitoring platform - Design and implementation of a laboratory quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) programme for selected priority chemicals
Esteban López M, Göen T, Mol H, Nübler S, Haji-Abbas-Zarrabi K, Koch MH, , Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Dvorakova D, Hajslova J, Antignac JP, Vaccher V, Elbers I, Thomsen C, Vorkamp K, Pedraza – Díaz S, Kolossa-Gehring M, Castaño A. The European human biomonitoring platform - Design and implementation of a laboratory quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) programme for selected priority chemicals. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 234. 2021.
DOIInterpreting biomarker data from the COPHES/DEMOCOPHES twin projects: using external exposure data to understand biomarker differences among countries
Smolders R, Den Hond E, Koppen G, Govarts E, Willems H, Casteleyn L, Kolossa-Gehring M, Fiddicke U, Castaño A, Koch HM, Angerer J, Esteban M, Sepai O, Exley K, Bloemen L, Horvat M, Knudsen LE, Joas A, Joas R, Biot P, Aerts D, Katsonouri A, Hadjipanayis A, Cerna M, Krskova A, Schwedler G, Seiwert M, Nielsen JKS, Rudnai P, Közepesy S, Evans DS, Ryan MP, Gutleb AC, Fischer ME, Ligocka D, Jakubowski M, Reis MF, Namorado S, Lupsa I-R, Gurzau AE, Halzlova K, Fabianova E, Mazej D, Tratnik JS, Gómez S, González S, Berglund M, Larsson K, Lehmann A, Crettaz P, Schoeters G. Interpreting biomarker data from the COPHES/DEMOCOPHES twin projects: using external exposure data to understand biomarker differences among countries. Environ Res. 141:86-95. 2015.
DOISerum PCB levels in a representative sample of the Spanish adult population: The BIOAMBIENT.ES project
Huetos O, Bartolomé M, Aragonés N, Cervantes-Amat M, Esteban M, Ruíz-Moraga M, Pérez-Gómez B, Calvo E, Vila M, BIOAMBIENT.ES, Castaño A. Serum PCB levels in a representative sample of the Spanish adult population: The BIOAMBIENT.ES project. Sci Total Environ. 493: 834-844. 2014.
DOIThe European COPHES/DEMOCOPHES project: Towards transnational comparability and reliability of human biomonitoring results
Schindler BK, Esteban M, Koch HM, Castaño A, Koslitz S, Cañas A, Casteleyn L, Kolossa-Gehring M, Schwedler G, Schoeters G, Den Hond E, Sepai O, Exley K, Bloemen L, Horvat M, Knudsen LE, Joas A, Joas R, Biot P, Aerts D, López A, Huetos O, Katsonourin A, Maurer-Chronakis K, Kasparova L, Vrbík K, Rudnai P, Naray M, Guignard C, Fischer ME, Ligocka D, Janasik B, Reis MF Namorado S, Pop C, Dumitrascu I, Halzlova K, Fabianova E, Mazejj D, Tratnik JS, Berglund M, Jönsson B, Lehmann A, Crettaz P, Frederiksen H, Nielsen F, McGrath H, Nesbitt I, De Cremer K, Vanermen G, Koppen G, Wilhelm M, Becker K, Angerer J. The European COPHES/DEMOCOPHES project: Towards transnational comparability and reliability of human biomonitoring results. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 217: 653-661. 2014.
DOIA systematic approach for designing a HBM Pilot Study for Europe
Becker K, Seiwert M, Casteleyn L, Joas R, Joas A, Biot P, Aerts D, Castaño A, Esteban M, Angerer J Koch HM, Schoeters G, Den Hond E, Sepai O, Exley K, Knudsen LE, Horvat M, Bloemen L, Kolossa-Gehring M, DEMOCOPHES consortium. A systematic approach for designing a HBM Pilot Study for Europe. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 217: 312-322. 2014.
DOIMercury levels in blood, urine and hair in a nation-wide sample of Spanish adults
Castaño A, Pedraza-Díaz S, Cañas AI, Pérez-Gómez B, Ramos JJ, Bartolomé M, Pärt P, Soto EP, Motas M, Navarro N, Calvo E, Esteban M. Mercury levels in blood, urine and hair in a nation-wide sample of Spanish adults. Sci Tot Environ 670: 262–270. 2019.
DOIPerfluorinated alkyl substances in Spanish adults: Geographical distribution and determinants of exposure
Bartolomé M, Gallego-Picó A, Cutanda F, Huetos O, Esteban M, Pérez-Gómez B, Bioambient.es, Castaño A. Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Spanish adults: Geographical distribution and determinants of exposure. Sci Total Environ. 603-604: 352-360. 2017.
DOIMercury analysis in hair: Comparability and quality assessment within the transnational COPHES/DEMOCOPHES project
Esteban M, Schindler BK, Jiménez-Guerrero JA, Koch HM, Angerer J, Rosado M, Rivas TC, Gómez S, Casteleyn L, Kolossa-Gehring, M, Becker K, Bloemen L, Schoeters G, Den Hond E, Sepai O, Exley K, Horvat M, Knudsen LE, Joas A, Joas R, Aerts D, Biot D, Borošová D, Davidson F, Dumitrascu I, Fischer ME, Grander M, Janasik B, Jones K, Kašparová L, Larssen T, Naray M, Nielsen F, Hohenblum P, Pinto R, Pirard C, Plateel G, Tratnik JS, Wittsiepe J, Castaño A, EQUAS Reference Laboratories. Mercury analysis in hair: Comparability and quality assessment within the transnational COPHES/DEMOCOPHES project. Res. 141:24-30. 2015.
DOIDEMOCOPHES España y su contribución a la armonización de la Biovigilancia Humana en Europa
Esteban M, López E, Rodríguez C, Posada M, Castaño A. DEMOCOPHES España y su contribución a la armonización de la Biovigilancia Humana en Europa. Nutr Hosp. 32:394-402.2015.
DOIAspectos prácticos de la fase pre-analítica del estudio de biovigilancia BIOAMBIENT.ES
Esteban M, Ruiz-Moraga M, Pérez-Gómez B, Castaño A y demás componentes del grupo BIOAMBIENT.ES. Aspectos prácticos de la fase pre-analítica del estudio de biovigilancia BIOAMBIENT.ES. Gac Sanit. 27: 77-80. 2012.
DOINon-invasive matrices in human biomonitoring: A review
Esteban M, Castaño A. Non-invasive matrices in human biomonitoring: A review. Environ Int. 35:438-449. 2009.
DOIInterlaboratory Comparison Investigations (ICI) for human biomonitoring of chromium as part of the quality assurance programme under HBM4EU
Nübler S, Esteban López M, Castaño A, Mol HGJ, Haji-Abbas-Zarrabi K, Schäfer M, Müller J, Hajslova J, Dvorakova D, Antignac JP, Koch HM, Småstuen Haug L , Vorkamp K, Göen T. Interlaboratory Comparison Investigations (ICIs) and External Quality Assurance Schemes (EQUASs) for human biomonitoring of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in serum as part of the quality assurance programme under HBM4EU. Science of the Total Environment 847 157481. 2022.
DOIProficiency and Interlaboratory variability in the determination of phthalate and DINCH biomarkers in human urine: results from the HBM4EU project
Mol HGJ, Elbers I, Pälmke C, Bury D, Göen T, Esteban López M, Nübler S, Vaccher V, Antignac JP, Dvořáková D, Hajšlová D, Sakhi AK, Thomsen C, Vorkamp K, Castaño A, Koch HM. Proficiency and Interlaboratory variability in the determination of phthalate and DINCH biomarkers in human urine: results from the HBM4EU project. Toxics 10:57. 2022.
DOIHBM4EU Occupational Biomonitoring Study on e-Waste-Study Protocol
Scheepers PTJ, Duca RC, Galea KS, Godderis L, Hardy E, Knudsen LE, Leese E, LouroH, Mahiout S, Ndaw S, et al. HBM4EU Occupational Biomonitoring Study on e-Waste—Study Protocol. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18. 2021.
DOIToxicity of nanoplastics for zebrafish embryos, what we know and where to go next
Torres-Ruiz M, De la Vieja A, De Alba González M, Esteban López M, Castaño A, Cañas A. Toxicity of nanoplastics for zebrafish embryos, what we know and where to go next. Sci Total Environ 797. 2021.
DOIDifferential contribution of animal and vegetable food items on persistent organic pollutant serum concentrations in Spanish adults
Arrebola JP, Castaño A, Esteban M, Bartolomé M, Pérez – Gómez B, Ramos JJ, BIOAMBIENT.ES. Differential contribution of animal and vegetable food items on persistent organic pollutant serum concentrations in Spanish adults. Data from BIOAMBIENT.ES project. Sci Tot Environ. 364: 235 – 242. 2018.
DOIHuman biomonitoring pilot study DEMOCOPHES in Germany: Contribution to a harmonized European approach
Schwedler G, Seiwert M, Fiddicke U, Ißleb S, Hölzer J, Nendza J, Wilhelm M, Wittsiepe J, Koch HM, Schindler BK, Göen T, Hildebrand J, Joas R, Joas A, Casteleyn L, Angerer J, Castano A, Esteban M, Schoeters G, Den Hond E, Sepai O, Exley K, Bloemen L, Knudsen LE, Kolossa-Gehring M. Human biomonitoring pilot study DEMOCOPHES in Germany: Contribution to a harmonized European approach. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 220:686-696. 2017.
DOICadmium levels in a representative sample of the Spanish adult population: the BIOAMBIENT.ES project
López-Herranz A, Cutanda F, Esteban M, Pollán M, Calvo E, Pérez-Gómez B, Cortes MV, BIOAMBIENT.ES, Castaño A. Cadmium levels in a representative sample of the Spanish adult population: the BIOAMBIENT.ES project. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 1-10. 2015.
DOIAnti-smoking legislation and its effects on urinary cotinine and cadmium
Sánchez-Rodríguez JE, Bartolomé M, Cañas AI, Huetos O, Navarro C, Rodríguez AC, Arribas M, Esteban M, López A, Castaño A. Anti-smoking legislation and its effects on urinary cotinine and cadmium. Environ Res. 136:227–233. 2015.
DOIHBM4EU combines and harmonises human biomonitoring data across the EU, building on existing capacity – The HBM4EU survey
Gilles L, Govarts E, Rambaud L, Vogel N, Castano A, Esteban Lopez M, Rodriguez Martin L, Koppen G, Remy S, Vrijheid M, Montazeri P, Birks L, Sepai O, Stewart L, Fiddicke U, Loots I, Knudsen LB, Kolossa-Gehring M, Schoeters G. HBM4EU combines and harmonises human biomonitoring data across the EU, building on existing capacity – The HBM4EU survey. Int J Hyg Environ Health 237. 2021.
DOIContenidos con Investigacion .
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Patricia Medina Romo
Técnico Superior de Actividades Técnicas y Profesionales
Código ORCID: 0009-0006-6973-6659
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Iván Panero Frade
Técnico Superior de Actividades Técnicas y Profesionales
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Laura Rubio Majano
Ayudante de Investigación de OPI
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Paloma Méndez Ureña
Ayudante de Investigación de OPI
Listado de personal
Información adicional
La contribución de la exposición de la población a radiación natural es la más significativa de la exposición toral recibida por la población, y el radón constituye la mayor proporción, representa la mitad de la exposición total de todas las fuentes. Es por ello, y considerando la vinculación entre la exposición de radón y la incidencia de cáncer de pulmón, que nuestro objetivo es controlar dicha exposición evaluando la concentración de radón en ambientes interiores. A su vez, la exposición a radiación artificial se produce no sólo en el ámbito laboral, en el que el grupo de Radiaciones Ambientales tiene establecido un estudio de biovigilancia, sino que es, asimismo, consecuencia de los accidentes nucleares. La vigilancia de la incorporación, no solo por exposición, sino por ingestión o inhalación de partículas radiactivas, hace que sea uno de los objetivos del grupo.